Plants are multicellular and eukaryotic in nature. They belong to the kingdom Plantae. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight by the process called as photosynthesis by chloroplasts. Flowering plants are angiosperms with 300,000 known species. They consist of flowers, endosperm within the seeds and fruits that contain the seeds. Many are interested in studying plants as their discipline. In order to study more, basic information on morphology of flowering plants is important. This is a very important chapter in biology for 11th standard students of CBSE Board. Solutions to all the questions in this chapter can be easily found in any good solution key that provides NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology . Flowering plants show large diversity in morphology. They are characterised by roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. A brief introduction on each are mentioned below:

Roots 

The roots are divided into primary roots that grow inside the soil and secondary roots that have lateral roots. The primary roots have a tap, fibrous and adventitious system. The regions of the root have root cap (covered at the apex of the root), regions of meristematic activity (they divide repeatedly), regions of elongation (responsible for growth of the length of roots) regions of maturation ( gradually differentiates and mature) and root hairs (epidermal cells form fine and delicate thread like structures).  The roots are further modified into different forms for support, storage of food and respiration other absorption and conduction of water and minerals. 

Stems

It is ascending part of the axis. It bears branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. It consists of nodes  and internodes. Nodes are the region where leaves originate. While the internodes are portions between two nodes. When they are young it is green but later becomes woody and brown. The function of stem is to store food, protection and vegetative propagation. Some stems are also modified into different functions such as potato, ginger, turmeric that can store food in them. 

Leaves 

They are flattened structures borne on the stem. It consists of axillary bud, leaf base, stipule, petiole and lamina.Venation is the process of arrangement of veins and veinlets in the  lamina. There are two types of leaves, simple and compound. A simple leaves are those when the lamina is complete. Whereas compound leaves are those lamina reaches up to the mid rib dividing into number of leaflets. The leaves are modified as tendrils and spines. The leaves are generally used for photosynthesis but it is modified as tendril to climb and spines to protect.

Flowers 

It is a reproductive system in plants. A typical flower has four whorls namely, calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. The former are accessory organs and the latter are reproductive organs. If the flower has only stamens it is called as unisexual and if they have both androecium and gynoecium it is called as bisexual. 

Calyx: is present outside the flower called as sepals. 

Corolla: is composed of petals. It used to attract insects for pollination

Androecium: is composed of stamens. 

Gynoecium: is composed of carpels. A carpel consists of three parts namely, stigma, style and ovary. 

Fruits 

The fruits are matured ovary formed after fertilization. If the fruit is formed without ovary then it is referred to as parthenocarpic fruit. The fruit consists of epicarp (outermost layer), mesocarp (middle layer), endocarp (inner layer) and finally seed.

Seeds 

The seeds are made of seed coat and embryo. There are two types of seeds: dicot (consisting of two cotyledons)  and monocot (consisting of one cotyledon). 

Some of the important families of flowering plants are:

1. Fabaceae
2. Solanaceae 
3. Liliaceae  

Summary

Morphology of a flowering plant is a very important chapter in Biology for 11th standard students of CBSE Board in India. This article gives an overview of morphology of flowering plants and their parts.